3D films 12, 41, 50

　　γ-rays 10, 11

　　A

　　Abbe, Ernst 27, 43, 90

　　Abbe’s criterion 27, 28, 32, 44

　　absorption 61, 72, 77–8, 94, 99

　　action 57, 63

　　aether 37

　　Al-Hazen 16

　　aluminium 91, 92

　　Ampere, Andre-Marie 12

　　angle of incidence 17, 19of reflection 17of refraction 22

　　astronomy 30

　　atom 14, 46–9, 58–61, 68–78, 82,85–6, 98–106, 111, 121

　　attoscience 82

　　aurorae 71

　　B

　　Bacon, Roger 25

　　Balmer, Johannes 58

　　Bell, John 117

　　Bell tests 117–18

　　Betzig, Eric 44

　　binoculars 28

　　birefringence 36, 48

　　birefringent materials 49

　　black bodies 58–9

　　Blake, William 123

　　Blu-ray 77

　　Bohr, Niels 61

　　Bose, Satyendra Nath 100

　　Bose–Einstein condensate 100

　　Brewster, David 49

　　brightness 6, 17, 28

　　butterfly wing 55

　　C

　　caesium 86, 91

　　calcite 35,

　　camera 15, 25, 27, 44, 55, 79–81

　　candles 3

　　CD (compact disc) 4, 77

　　chromatic aberration 21–4

　　clock 84, 85–9, 91

　　coherence 8, 74–7

　　colour 8–12, 21, 24, 58, 76–8

　　constructive 38–9, 76

　　contact lenses 25

　　copper 93–4

　　cornea 24–5

　　correlations 117–18, 121

　　classical 117

　　correlations (cont.)

　　quantum 118

　　Coulomb, Charles Augustin de 12

　　Crick, Francis 10

　　D

　　de Broglie, Louis 63

　　De Luce 83 see also Grossteste

　　destructive 38–9

　　Diamond Light Source 79

　　diffraction 10, 36, 45–7, 55, 79

　　Dirac, Paul 62, 73

　　DVD (digital video disc) 4, 77

　　E

　　Edgerton, Harold 80, 82

　　Einstein, Albert 60, 73, 84, 88–9, 100

　　electric charges 37, 38, 43, 60, 67

　　electromagnetic field 37–8, 52, 62,65, 72, 115

　　electron 60–1, 65, 67, 68–72, 78–9,82, 85–6, 93, 102–7, 123

　　energy 3, 7, 59–61, 65–6, 69–73,75, 85–6, 104–7, 131

　　entanglement 116, 118, 121

　　Euclid 16

　　Euler, Leonhart 57

　　European Light Infrastructure 106

　　eyeglasses 25

　　F

　　Faraday, Michael 10, 38

　　feather 55

　　femtochemistry 82

　　Fermat, Pierre de 23, 53–4

　　fibre optic broadband 4, 92

　　fluorescent 44, 67, 70

　　focal length 24, 27

　　force 37, 50, 68, 70, 96–8, 102

　　Fourier, Joseph 45, 89–90

　　Franklin, Rosalind 9, 10

　　Fraunhofer, Joseph von 12

　　frequency 10, 36–8, 60, 86, 89, 94,99, 102

　　comb 90–2

　　shift 66

　　Fresnel, Auguste 52

　　fringes 39–41, 43, 46, 61–2

　　Frisch, Otto 110

　　G

　　Gabor, Denis 42

　　Galilei, Galileo 6, 22

　　glass 4, 28, 49, 79, 92–4, 96

　　global positioning system (GPS) 86

　　Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 8–9

　　Grimaldi, Francesco 35

　　Grosseteste, Robert 83

　　guide star 32

　　H

　　Hamilton, William 55–8

　　Hamilton equation 57

　　handedness 18

　　Hell, Stefan 45

　　Hertz, Heinrich 12

　　high-harmonic generation 90, 103

　　hologram 41–3

　　Hooke, Robert 28

　　Hubble Space Telescope 30

　　Huygens, Christian 34, 52

　　I

　　images 4, 10, 15–17, 18–25, 27–30,32–3, 35–6, 41–5, 50–1, 76, 78,81–2, 87, 90, 110, 123

　　incoherent 8, 74

　　information 1, 4, 13, 41, 47, 68, 92,113–14, 122

　　infrared 3, 10

　　intensity 7, 41, 50, 62, 64, 74, 76,92, 100, 101, 110–11

　　interference 36, 38–43, 46, 61–3,76, 100

　　Internet 4, 78, 92, 122

　　irradiance 7

　　K

　　Kepler, Johannes 22

　　L

　　Lamb, Willis 66

　　Large Hadron Collider 108

　　laser 4, 5, 7–8, 13, 15, 25, 45, 73,75–9, 82, 90, 93, 98–9, 106–8,109–10, 115

　　laser light pulses 76–7, 79–82,90–1, 93, 103, 106–8, 110

　　laser projector 78

　　LASIK 25

　　Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 54–5

　　lens 12–13, 23–7, 28, 31, 32–3,43–5, 48, 55, 76

　　light

　　bulb 7, 8, 67, 69–70, 71, 74, 76,106, 109

　　classical 109–11

　　emitting diode 70, 73, 74

　　quantum 10, 61–3, 66, 71–3,109–10

　　quanta 59, 71

　　squeezed 105–6

　　light sources 3, 7, 13, 15, 71, 79, 90,109, 111

　　liquid crystal display (LCD) 50

　　liquid crystals 50, 78

　　lithography 29

　　M

　　magnetic materials 37

　　magnification 20, 24

　　Maupertuis, Pierre Louis 56–7

　　Maxwell, James Clerk 12, 32,37–8, 52, 58

　　metamaterials 32–3

　　microscope 17, 28, 43, 44–5

　　microwaves 10, 11, 86, 91, 92

　　mirror 18, 19–20, 32, 75

　　mode-locked laser 90

　　mode-locking 79, 90

　　modes 76, 80

　　molecules 10, 12, 23, 36, 46, 49,50, 77–8, 82, 103

　　Muybridge, Eadweard 80

　　N

　　National Ignition Facility 106

　　National Institute of Standards and Technology 86

　　National Physical Laboratory 86

　　Newton, Isaac 8–9, 20–2, 34, 40,83–4

　　no-cloning theorem 115

　　no-measurement theorem 115

　　normal

　　materials 32

　　to surface 17

　　O

　　Oersted, Hans Christian 12

　　Ohm, Georg 12

　　optical

　　analogy 56, 63 see also Hamilton

　　cavity 75–6, 80, 90–1, 111

　　clockwork 92

　　fibres 4, 47, 92, 94, 122

　　refrigerator 98

　　telecommunications 4, 47,112–14

　　tweezers 97

　　optics 6, 17, 28, 75, 90, 93

　　opto-mechanics 97

　　P

　　Pendry, John 33

　　photo-activated localization

　　microscopy 44

　　photoelectric effect 60, 74

　　Light

　　photograph 4, 41, 42, 80

　　photon 17, 60, 64, 65, 71, 73, 74,78, 94, 96, 99, 109–15, 116,118, 120, 121

　　herald 111

　　Physikalisch-Technische

　　Bundesanstalt 86

　　pixel 27, 28, 42, 50

　　Planck, Max 58–9

　　plasma 106–8

　　Podolsky, Boris 117

　　polarization 12, 13, 36, 48–51, 111,112, 114, 118–19, 120–1

　　polarizer 36, 48, 50, 112, 120

　　protein 28, 46, 97

　　proton 68–9, 108

　　beams 108

　　pump-and-probe 103, 104

　　Q

　　quantum

　　enhanced metrology 116

　　entanglement 116, 121

　　fields 62, 66, 73

　　key distribution 122

　　noise, laser light 110

　　noise, squeezed light 115

　　non-locality 121

　　random number generators 113

　　vacuum 65

　　R

　　radio waves 11

　　ray 15–17, 21, 22–4, 30, 32, 35,53, 54, 55–6

　　bundle 19–20, 23

　　reference wave 41–3

　　reflection 17–19

　　refraction 22–3, 32, 53

　　refractive index 23, 24, 32, 33, 36,47, 48, 50, 53, 55

　　relativity 84, 89

　　Rosen, Nathan 117

　　ruler 84

　　Rutherford Appleton

　　Laboratory 106

　　S

　　security 43, 113

　　Smith, Adam 43

　　Snell, Willdebrord 22–3, 32, 53

　　space-time 83–4

　　spectral ‘lines’ 58

　　spectroscopy 12, 77, 78–9, 80, 104

　　spectrum 8, 9, 12, 58, 90, 102

　　speed of light 17, 36, 49, 68, 84, 87,88–9

　　spontaneous emission 73

　　standard quantum limit 110, 115

　　Stanford, Leland 80

　　starlight 67

　　stimulated emission 45, 72, 75

　　stimulated emission depletion

　　microscopy 45

　　stroboscope 80, 82, 103

　　strontium 91–2

　　Sun 3, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16

　　sunlight 3, 8, 49, 58, 104

　　super-resolution 44

　　synchrotron 47, 71, 79, 107, 123

　　radiation 71, 107

　　T

　　Taylor, George 61

　　telescope 6, 20–2, 30, 32, 123

　　time dilation 83

　　transverse wave 36, 48

　　T-rays 10

　　U

　　ultraviolet 3, 10, 58, 102

　　extreme (EUV) 104

　　V vacuum fluctuations 72, 73

　　Veselago, Victor 32

　　Volta, Allessandro 12

　　Voltaire 54, 123

　　W

　　warmth 3, 6, 10

　　Watson, James 10

　　Watts 7

　　wave 34, 36–41, 43, 45, 48, 55–6,60, 62–5, 66, 89, 93, 108, 115

　　wave function 63–5

　　wave guide 47

　　wavefronts 38, 41, 56

　　wavelength 11, 27, 36, 40–1, 43, 44,55, 60, 63, 76, 79, 90, 94, 107

　　wave–particle duality 52, 62, 116

　　Wilkins, Maurice 10

　　X

　　X-ray Free Electron Laser 107

　　X-rays 10, 46–7, 71, 78–9, 107, 123

　　Y

　　Young, Thomas 39, 52, 61–2

　　Z

　　Zewail, Ahmed 82