下面，我们将分别从这三个不同等级(不及格、一般、良好)中随机抽取一份试题作为样本来分析不同能力等级的学生译文都有怎样的特点，并在此基础上进一步分析不同汉英翻译能力等级都具有怎样的特点。

　　1.不及格译文

　　As we all know,USA is the most developed country in the world.But its post industry is far behind some undeveloped countries.Due to emails,mobile phones and phones have become the favorable tele-communication tool for people,Consequently,no one attaches importance to the improvement of post service.

　　In America,the letters which send to the city,received more than two days.During my short visit to China,it was surprised that my friend who lived in the west hill had received the letter which sent in the morning.In US,the letter sending is so convient,due to the slow speed.Not like in China,it's convient that letter sending twice everyday and on usual in the weekend.But US letter sending only once a day,not including Saturday and Sunday.

　　Three moths ago,the editorial of English World sent me two periodicals,and asked me whether I had received or not through emails.What a pity,every time my answer was“no”.I would wish that the two periodicals were still sent on the road.(178 words)

　　评析：

　　该译文存在以下问题：

　　(1)拼写错误多

　　例如，“convenient”写成“convient”；“Three months ago”写成“Three moths ago”； “as usual”写成“on usual”。

　　(2)语法错误多

　　由于学生对于短语“Due to”的用法不了解，写出了这样的病句：“Due to emails,mobile phones and phones have become the favorable tele-communication tool for people”。不会使用被动语态，写出了下面语法错误的句子:“In America,the letters which send to the city,received more than two days”。

　　(3)词汇量少，一些常用词译不出来

　　如“邮政”译为“post industry”，“编辑部”译为“editorial”；“通信工具”译为“tele-communication tool”，“送信”译为“letter sending”等。

　　(4)译文受原文句子结构的影响，出现了不符合英语语法规则的句子

　　例如：“Not like in China,it's convient that letter sending twice everyday and on usual in the weekend.But US letter sending only once a day,not including Saturday and Sunday.”

　　(5)不地道、不自然的英语句子多

　　例如：“In US,the letter sending is so convient,due to the slow speed.”“I would wish that the two periodicals were still sent on the road.”

　　总之，该译文最明显的特点是基本的语言错误多，包括拼写错误和语法错误。英语词汇量少，一些常用词翻译不出来。译文受汉语句子结构的影响，或出现不符合英语语法规则的句子，或句子表达不地道。译文短，有明显的漏译，未能把原文的意思完全表达出来。该译文反映了考生的英语基础差，翻译能力低，属于Campbell所说的次标准篇章能力阶段。

　　2.一般译文

　　As we all know that America is considered the most developed country in the world.However,its postal service is far behind some less developed countries.It might because as other communication methods such as email,mobile phone and telephone have been gaining preferences among people,nobody pays attention to the improvement of the postal service.

　　In America,the delivery of a letter within city takes about two or three days.During my short stay in China,I found that the letter I sent out in the morning to the city's west suburban area was delivered to my friend living in Xishan the right afternoon,which greatly surprised me.In America,letters are not only delivered slowly but also only a few times a week,Not like the Chinese postal service delivering letters twice a day,seven days a week,which is very convenient,the US postal service only delivers letters once a day and does not work on Sundays and holidays.

　　Three months ago,the editorial office of English World sent out two journals to me and have emailed me many times to see if the books had found me well.But my answer has always been“Not yet.” What a pity! I hope the two journals did not get lost on their way to get me.(218 words)

　　评析：

　　(1)该译文拼写错误少，一些常用词语基本能准确译出，但存在着语言错误和语法错误。

　　除了主谓搭配不一致(the editorial office… have…)的情况外，句子结构以及习惯短语表达也有问题。例如，在第一句中(As we all know that America is considered the most developed country in the world)，“that”在译文中纯粹是画蛇添足；第三句的起始部分(It might because…)缺少谓语动词；最后一句(I hope the two journals did not get lost on their way to get me) 中的“on their way to get me”不符合英语表达习惯。

　　(2)译文无论是在词句上还是在句子结构上，都受原文的影响，从而使译文表达不准确、不地道。

　　在词句层面，“寄出”多次译为“send out”，正确的译法应为“send off”;“send out”意思为“发出”(光亮)或“长出”(嫩芽)等，例如 “The sun sends out light and heat”；“不像中国”译为“Not like the Chinese …”。在句子层面，句子结构受原文句子结构的影响明显，是典型的中式英语。例如下面的两句译文：

　　原文:在我回国小住期间，我发现早晨发出到本市西郊的信，我那个住在西山的朋友当天下午就收到了，这令我感到十分惊奇。

　　译文：During my short stay in China,I found that the letter I sent out in the morning to the city's west suburban area was delivered to my friend living in Xishan the right afternoon,which greatly surprised me.

　　原文：在美国，不仅送信慢，次数也少。每天只送信一次，星期日和假日不送，不像中国一日送两次信，星期日照送不误，那么方便。

　　译文：In America,letters are not only delivered slowly but also only a few times a week,Not like the Chinese postal service delivering letters twice a day,seven days a week,which is very convenient.

　　汉语原文中是陈述事情在先，表达态度在后。该译文紧贴原文的句子结构，这与英文表达态度在先、叙述事情在后的叙事原则相反，反映了译者翻译时受母语句式结构的影响，还不会使用地道的英语句法结构。

　　(3)译者使用了一些翻译技巧，但读者意识缺乏。

　　对于原文中的第一个长句译者使用了断句技巧，将该句译成了英文的两个句子。译者能够采用较为灵活的翻译手法，如将“星期日照送不误”译为“seven days a week”。另外，译者的读者意识不是很强，如“住在西山的朋友”译为“my friend living in Xishan”，没有对专有名词的翻译进行适当解释。

　　总之，该译文反映了考生有一定的英语表达能力，但仍未能达到熟练程度，译文中仍存在着语言错误和语法错误。在英汉两种语言表达没有太大差异的情况下，基本能写出正确的英语句子，但在英汉语言结构有较大差异的情况下，译出的短语、句子容易受原文句子结构的影响而导致译文不够自然、地道。该考生的翻译能力属于Campbell所说的篇章能力前阶段。

　　3.良好译文

　　The United States is known to all as the most developed country in the world.However,its postal services lag far behind those in some developing countries.This is probably because people prefer emails,cellphones and phones in communication and don't bother much to think about improving the postal services.

　　In the States,it takes two or three days to get a letter from the same city.So I was amazed to find,when I took a vacation back in China,that my friend,who lived in Western suburbs of Beijing,got the letter that I posted in the morning right in the afternoon of the same day.Mail delivery in the US is not only slower,but also less frequent.Unlike in China,where mails are delivered twice a day,including Sunday,the postmen in America deliver only once a day,and not on Sundays and vacations,which is a lot less convenient.

　　Three months ago,the editing department of The English World posted me two periodicals and checked many times through emails whether I had received it.Unfortunately I had to tell them “no” every time.I just hope these two periodicals aren't lost on their way here.(200 words)

　　评析：

　　该译文基本没有语法错误，有一定难度的词语能准确地表达出来，如“邮政”能够得体地译为“postal services”；词语表达较为丰富，使用了“lag far behind”等词语。在句式结构方面，多数情况下能够使用地道的英语句式，尽管译句仍存在着表达不清楚的问题。例如：

　　In the States,it takes two or three days to get a letter from the same city.

　　So I was amazed to find,when I took a vacation back in China,that my friend,who lived in Western suburbs of Beijing,got the letter that I posted in the morning right in the afternoon of the same day.

　　译者能够较为得体地使用翻译技巧，如在第一句话的翻译中，使用了断句的方法，将原文的一个长句译为英语的两个句子，符合英文的行文习惯。译文还注意到了句子之间的衔接和连贯，如在下面这个例句的开始部分，译者根据上下文增添了表示因果关系的连词“so”，体现了译者有一定的篇章意识：

　　So I was amazed to find,when I took a vacation back in China,that my friend,who lived in Western suburbs of Beijing,got the letter that I posted in the morning right in the afternoon of the same day.

　　当然，译文在语言表达上仍存在着问题，如一些措辞不很妥当，将“假日”翻译为“vacations”；在比较级的使用上也不正确(Mail delivery in the US is not only slower,but also less frequent)；一些句子的翻译仍受原文句法结构的影响，没有使用英文的句套子，如“the postmen in America deliver only once a day,and not on Sundays and vacations,which is a lot less convenient”。但就总体而言，该译文体现出译者应用英语的能力较强，多数情况下能够摆脱原文的词语和句子结构的束缚，基本上能够译出原文80%以上的内容，译者的翻译能力属于Campbell所说的篇章能力阶段。